Round 12: Tossup 8

The dynamics of three of these phenomena in a Sod tube are simulated in a standard benchmark for CFD simulations. The formation of a localized one of these phenomena violated ergodicity and prevented thermalization in the FPUT experiment. The intersection of characteristics generates a discontinuity representing one of these phenomena in the inviscid Burgers’ equation. A third spatial derivative term causes one of these phenomena to undergo nonlinear dispersion in the Korteweg–de (10[1])Vries equation. (10[2])A class of these phenomena that maintain (10[1])their shape during propagation are called (10[2])solitons. (10[2])These phenomena may undergo steepening (-5[1])when their crests (10[1])move faster than their troughs. For 10 points, (10[2])name these oscillatory disturbances that transfer energy through a medium. ■END■ (10[1])

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